Friday, September 26, 2014

The last increment

All week long I've laid out my belief that racial disparity in traffic stops and in the outcome of those stops is being driven primarily by racial disparity in income, and to a lesser extent by police deployment practices--not, by and large, racial prejudice by the police. While my own analysis of the data convinces me of this, I also believe that racial bias accounts for some of the disparity--albeit only a fraction.

I believe this because I have seen it on occasion in Lincoln. I think in Lincoln, at least, it is almost always the result of an unintended or even subconscious bias, but it is real nonetheless. I've described some of my observations on this previously.

The last increment is what I'm most interested in learning about and impacting as public safety director. We will not tolerate racist police officers in Lincoln. We go to great length to weed out anyone with racist attitudes during the selection process--including a polygraph exam that explores this. We also have done mandatory training on cultural sensitivity, cultural awareness, and racial profiling for years. If racist police officers were the cause of disparity in traffic stops, you'd think it would be going down over the years, but it isn't.

Much of what I've seen, however, has not been the acting out of racist tendencies, but rather the failure to think about how well-intentioned activities can have a racially disparate impact that is unjustified and unfair. I want our police department and our officers to understand how practices they may engage in can have a disparate impact that is unjustified, and what they can do to avoid this unfairness.

An example: perhaps an officer has gleaned from her experience that there is a greater likelihood that drivers of an older sedan will be suspended, or have a warrant, than drivers of a late-model minivans or SUVs. As a result, she focuses much of her attention on the former, and not so much on the later, because she believes this strategy is will result in more higher-value arrests, rather than just traffic tickets. If there is racial disparity in the drivers of these two broad vehicle categories, her practice will result in racial disparity in her stops and arrests, as well. It's vehicle profiling, not racial profiling, but the result is the same: disparity, and disparity without much justification. Avoiding this is easy: spread your effort around, and don't fixate on older sedans. Plenty of SUV and minivan drivers are texting while driving, speeding, and pushing the envelope on red lights, too.

As our ability to target resources to areas most affected by crime and disorder improves, we must also be cautious to make sure our efforts are viewed as legitimate by the citizens who live in those areas. We should avoid policing tactics that can damage our relationships while returning little in terms of actually reducing crime and disorder. Strategies that emphasize collaboration, early intervention, problem-solving and prevention should continue to be a focus.

I also want individual police officers to understand what they can do to minimize the perception of racial profiling among minority citizens during traffic stops. Perception is everything, and there is no denying that the perception by African American citizens that the police engage in racial profiling is  quite high. You will not convince people otherwise with data: you will only convince them with your actions.

Those actions are not complex. It is really quite simple, and it is what I teach: Introduce yourself. Tell motorists why you stopped them. Be polite. Listen to what the motorist has to say. Explain  things calmly and thoroughly. Answer any questions. Be fair. Leave the motorist with your name and employee number on a ticket, a warning, or a business card. And above all, make sure your stops are always supported by probable cause or reasonable suspicion.


Links to the series:

Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

6 comments:

Anonymous said...

Here’s a tip to help you increase the number of traffic stops on white drivers. In Edenton South, I’ve been forced to stop while a middle aged w/f driver in her white SUV passed a parked vehicle in a no parking zone on Cheney Ridge Rd. On 9/4, a middle aged w/f forced me to stop while she passed a parked vehicle on Stevens Ridge Rd. just east of 74th. On 9/11, I watched as two vehicles passed a stopped school bus with flashing lights and extended stop sign on Stevens Ridge Rd. east of 74th. On 9/18, the same woman from 9/4 forced me to stop while she drove north on 72nd from Stevens Ridge Rd. in the south bound lane for no apparent reason. On 9/20, a w/m turned left off of Stevens Ridge Rd onto 72nd and headed north bound forcing me to slow while he barely avoided an accident. On 9/25, an elderly w/f turned left off of Stevens Ridge to go north on 72nd forcing me to slow to avoid an accident. I’m not sure she even saw my vehicle. And, you’re correct about perception. I make trips to Home Depot at 70/Nebraska Highway quite often. Maybe LPD can get the officers that frequesnt the Pieloch Center to do some selective enforcement in Edenton South and on 70/Old Cheney-Nebraska Highway (more commonly known as the “Raceway”). It doesn’t leave a positive impression to see 2-3 LPD vehicles parked at the Pieloch Center almost on a daily basis. Once during the past year, there were so many LPD vehicles parked in the area that one vehicle was parked across the drive in the Home Depot lot. Just FYI.

Tom Casady said...

6:53,

This was one of the first topics on my blog, back when I started it in 2007.

Just so you know, we have a small police substation for the SE Team B Beat officers at the Pieloch Center. This is where they go do their reports, use the facilities, and so forth--rather than downtown. In addition, we stage a few vehicles there, so you will often have a couple patrol cars stored there, even when no one is present. Depending on who's coming on duty and who's going off, you could have 4-5 vehicles may in the lot at shift change. This morning we have 3 officers on SE B Beat, covering all of Lincoln south and east of 27th and Van Dorn.

ARRRRG!!!! said...

I've been profiled a few times. I just don't know why.

Anonymous said...

Do you have locators in the cars so officers can see where their partners are?

Tom Casady said...

5:12,

No. Working on it, though.

Tony said...

Congratulations on your use of the blog to educate and communicate with the public.